Cerebral Palsy and Respiratory Health

Fact Checked

Children with cerebral palsy are at increased risk for respiratory complications like frequent upper respiratory infections, aspiration, and pneumonia. Because these children typically move less, are unable to exercise, and their breathing is more shallow, they are more likely to develop infections and struggle with breathing. It is important to monitor respiratory health to prevent issues and to treat them as they arise.

Causes of Respiratory Problems

Cerebral palsy can directly impact breathing due to muscle abnormalities, but breathing problems may also arise for other reasons. It is not uncommon for children with physical disabilities to have underlying respiratory problems. In fact, according to some studies, 40% of the deaths in people with cerebral palsy were caused by pneumonia, an infection of the lungs.[1]

Exactly why physical disabilities like CP put children at risk for respiratory difficulties is not fully understood, but several factors are known to contribute significantly. For example, weakness in those muscles involved in breathing and swallowing can cause aspiration of food, saliva, or the inhalation of foreign objects.

Aspiration

Many children with CP struggle with aspiration (when something other than air is taken into the trachea or lungs).

Weakness or spasticity in the digestive tract muscles may also cause breathing problems, which can contribute to aspiration. Children with CP are much more likely to experience gastroesophageal reflux, probably for this reason. When material from the stomach rises to the esophagus, aspiration can occur.

Why Is Pneumonia Common in Cerebral Palsy?

Another complication is that children with CP are sometimes unable to cough satisfactorily. This plays a role when they have a respiratory tract infection and cannot clear their secretions.

These infections can more readily progress into pneumonia, which is difficult to overcome. Aspiration events also lead to pneumonia, so there are quite a few predisposing factors for pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy.

Scoliosis

Breathing difficulties may also be caused by spinal curvature, also known as scoliosis. Depending upon the severity of the curvature, this deformity can affect the ability of the lungs to expand and make breathing more difficult.[2]

The curve will often increase as the child grows, especially if they use a wheelchair, which causes a further restriction in lung function. The lungs may also be affected by hypoventilation as children with CP are less active, and their breathing is more shallow.

Less carbon dioxide is exchanged with oxygen as breathing is impacted by the disability, and this causes problems with the normal functions of the body.

Types of Respiratory Problems in Cerebral Palsy

Children with cerebral palsy are likely to have breathing difficulties due to the above reasons and maybe even other causes still undiscovered.

• Infections are a significant issue, especially pneumonia. This lung infection is the number one reason for hospital admission among children with CP. Gastroesophageal reflux, a limited ability to cough or swallow normally, limited lung function, and a lack of physical activity all contribute to developing pneumonia and other respiratory infections.
• Children with CP are also more likely to experience difficulty breathing while sleeping.[3] The upper airway becomes easily obstructed. This obstruction can happen while the child is awake, but it is particularly dangerous during sleep. A sign of this would be long pauses without a breath while sleeping. In those cases, perhaps even the chest is moving, but no air flows through the nose or mouth.
• A child with CP may also experience atelectasis, the collapse of small parts of the lung obstructing airflow to those areas, or bronchiectasis, chronic inflammation caused by recurrent infections in the airways.
• Asthma is fairly common in all children. There does not seem to be a greater prevalence in children with CP, but it can be more problematic for these kids. The symptoms may sometimes be overlooked because they can be similar to other breathing problems that children with cerebral palsy experience.

Monitoring Respiratory Health

Because there are so many potential respiratory issues experienced by children with CP, respiratory health must be carefully and regularly monitored. Observation of the child’s breathing patterns can help a parent or caregiver know when something is different, which may prevent more severe issues like aspiration events or infections that can be deadly.

Regularly maintaining good respiratory health can make a child more comfortable and save lives.

Life expectancy for a child with CP is significantly impacted by respiratory health. Obvious reasons for this include infections like pneumonia and sleep apnea, but there are other, more subtle ways in which poor respiratory function shortens a child’s life expectancy.

Malnutrition, for example, is a common problem among children who struggle to breathe and eat at the same time. The energy demands on a child with difficulty moving and breathing increase, making it challenging to meet their daily caloric needs.

Respiratory Interventions and Treatments

Several strategies can prevent, treat, and improve respiratory difficulties in children with CP and decrease the chance of complications.

• Dietary assessments, for instance, can evaluate for and help a child maintain good nutrition despite any difficulty experienced while swallowing and breathing. Supplements and nutritional shakes that are easier to swallow can help prevent the effects of malnutrition.
• Oxygen therapy, or giving supplemental oxygen, can assist a child when breathing is difficult due to weakened muscles or poor lung function. Inhalers, nebulizers, incentive spirometers, and respiratory vests may also help open up the airways to make breathing easier, as can therapy that teaches a child to position their body better to breathe more easily.
• Treatments for certain respiratory conditions can also help. A vest that administers high-frequency vibrations has been shown to reduce the number of respiratory-related hospitalizations in children with severe CP.[4] It may even reduce the incidence of pneumonia. This treatment can supplement traditional methods of improving breathing, like those of respiratory therapists who perform chest percussion and encourage the draining of fluids by positioning.
• Exercise has also been shown to be a useful therapy for children with CP. Controlled exercise, especially a swimming program, helps children develop better lung function by taking deeper breaths and strengthening the muscles involved in breathing and coughing.
• A feeding tube may be used for severe cases of CP in which swallowing has become a serious issue. This device can supplement a child’s nutrition when they cannot consume enough calories. In more serious cases, it may be used when taking anything by mouth is no longer advisable due to aspiration risk.

Respiratory health in children with CP is almost always an issue. The disability causes breathing problems in most children, but the severity of the issues ranges from mild to severe and depends on individual factors.

It is crucial to monitor the respiratory health of children with CP, use preventative interventions and therapies, and try treatments to help them breathe more easily and live more comfortably.

If you have a child with CP, be aware of the potential associated breathing issues and talk to your doctor about what you should be doing to keep your child safe and healthy.